Refactor phone verification template

What does this MR do and why?

Issue linke: https://jihulab.com/gitlab-cn/gitlab/-/issues/2581

Refactor phone verification template, move from profile dir to shared dir.

Screenshots or screen recordings

profile page	sign up page

How to set up and validate locally

• Turn on feature flag: registrations_with_phone
• Turn on Application Setting phone_verification_code_enabled
• Set env var GITLAB_SIMULATE_SAAS=true

MR acceptance checklist

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