Merge branch 'pl-ci-strip-binaries' into 'master'

CI: Strip binaries produced by setup-test-env

See merge request https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/merge_requests/144872



Merged-by: Rémy Coutable <remy@rymai.me>
Approved-by: Rémy Coutable <remy@rymai.me>
Reviewed-by: Rémy Coutable <remy@rymai.me>
Co-authored-by: Peter Leitzen <pleitzen@gitlab.com>