Fix Google CDN not encoding UTF-8 characters

Previously if a job artifact were prefaced with "", those bytes were
stripped when rendering a Google CDN URL because the URL did not
properly encode the characters. This commit now uses
`Addressable::URI.encode_component` to do the
job. `CarrierWave::Utilities::Uri#encode_path` does the same thing.

Relates to https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/396945

Changelog: fixed