Workaround for DomException when invoking cache.put (#22756)

* Workaround for DomException when invoking cache.put

Invoking cache.put could sometimes result in exceptions being thrown. While this seems to have been fixed in Chromium - https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=968444,
we've had several reports of this in our repo. The fix here is to write defensively when working with the cache apis since they appear to behave in unexpected ways..

Fixes https://github.com/dotnet/aspnetcore/issues/20256

* Fixup