RequestDelegateFactoryTests.cs

// Copyright (c) .NET Foundation. All rights reserved.
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. See License.txt in the project root for license information.

#nullable enable

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Globalization;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Linq.Expressions;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Sockets;
using System.Numerics;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Reflection.Metadata;
using System.Text;
using System.Text.Json;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http.Features;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http.Metadata;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Testing;
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Primitives;
using Xunit;

namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.Routing.Internal
{
    public class RequestDelegateFactoryTests : LoggedTest
    {
        public static IEnumerable<object[]> NoResult
        {
            get
            {
                void TestAction(HttpContext httpContext)
                {
                    MarkAsInvoked(httpContext);
                }

                Task TaskTestAction(HttpContext httpContext)
                {
                    MarkAsInvoked(httpContext);
                    return Task.CompletedTask;
                }

                ValueTask ValueTaskTestAction(HttpContext httpContext)
                {
                    MarkAsInvoked(httpContext);
                    return ValueTask.CompletedTask;
                }

                void StaticTestAction(HttpContext httpContext)
                {
                    MarkAsInvoked(httpContext);
                }

                Task StaticTaskTestAction(HttpContext httpContext)
                {
                    MarkAsInvoked(httpContext);
                    return Task.CompletedTask;
                }

                ValueTask StaticValueTaskTestAction(HttpContext httpContext)
                {
                    MarkAsInvoked(httpContext);
                    return ValueTask.CompletedTask;
                }

                void MarkAsInvoked(HttpContext httpContext)
                {
                    httpContext.Items.Add("invoked", true);
                }

                return new List<object[]>
                {
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext>)TestAction },
                    new object[] { (Func<HttpContext, Task>)TaskTestAction },
                    new object[] { (Func<HttpContext, ValueTask>)ValueTaskTestAction },
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext>)StaticTestAction },
                    new object[] { (Func<HttpContext, Task>)StaticTaskTestAction },
                    new object[] { (Func<HttpContext, ValueTask>)StaticValueTaskTestAction },
                };
            }
        }

        [Theory]
        [MemberData(nameof(NoResult))]
        public async Task RequestDelegateInvokesAction(Delegate @delegate)
        {
            var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();

            var requestDelegate = RequestDelegateFactory.Create(@delegate, new EmptyServiceProvdier());

            await requestDelegate(httpContext);

            Assert.True(httpContext.Items["invoked"] as bool?);
        }

        private static void StaticTestActionBasicReflection(HttpContext httpContext)
        {
            httpContext.Items.Add("invoked", true);
        }

        [Fact]
        public async Task StaticMethodInfoOverloadWorksWithBasicReflection()
        {
            var methodInfo = typeof(RequestDelegateFactoryTests).GetMethod(
                nameof(StaticTestActionBasicReflection),
                BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static,
                new[] { typeof(HttpContext) });

            var requestDelegate = RequestDelegateFactory.Create(methodInfo!, new EmptyServiceProvdier());

            var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();

            await requestDelegate(httpContext);

            Assert.True(httpContext.Items["invoked"] as bool?);
        }

        private class TestNonStaticActionClass
        {
            private readonly object _invokedValue;

            public TestNonStaticActionClass(object invokedValue)
            {
                _invokedValue = invokedValue;
            }

            public void NonStaticTestAction(HttpContext httpContext)
            {
                httpContext.Items.Add("invoked", _invokedValue);
            }
        }

        [Fact]
        public async Task NonStaticMethodInfoOverloadWorksWithBasicReflection()

        {
            var methodInfo = typeof(TestNonStaticActionClass).GetMethod(
                nameof(TestNonStaticActionClass.NonStaticTestAction),
                BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance,
                new[] { typeof(HttpContext) });

            var invoked = false;

            object GetTarget()
            {
                if (!invoked)
                {
                    invoked = true;
                    return new TestNonStaticActionClass(1);
                }

                return new TestNonStaticActionClass(2);
            }

            var requestDelegate = RequestDelegateFactory.Create(methodInfo!, new EmptyServiceProvdier(), _ => GetTarget());

            var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();

            await requestDelegate(httpContext);

            Assert.Equal(1, httpContext.Items["invoked"]);

            httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();

            await requestDelegate(httpContext);

            Assert.Equal(2, httpContext.Items["invoked"]);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void BuildRequestDelegateThrowsArgumentNullExceptions()
        {
            var methodInfo = typeof(RequestDelegateFactoryTests).GetMethod(
                nameof(StaticTestActionBasicReflection),
                BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static,
                new[] { typeof(HttpContext) });

            var serviceProvider = new EmptyServiceProvdier();

            var exNullAction = Assert.Throws<ArgumentNullException>(() => RequestDelegateFactory.Create(action: null!, serviceProvider));
            var exNullMethodInfo1 = Assert.Throws<ArgumentNullException>(() => RequestDelegateFactory.Create(methodInfo: null!, serviceProvider));
            var exNullMethodInfo2 = Assert.Throws<ArgumentNullException>(() => RequestDelegateFactory.Create(methodInfo: null!, serviceProvider, _ => 0));
            var exNullTargetFactory = Assert.Throws<ArgumentNullException>(() => RequestDelegateFactory.Create(methodInfo!, serviceProvider, targetFactory: null!));

            Assert.Equal("action", exNullAction.ParamName);
            Assert.Equal("methodInfo", exNullMethodInfo1.ParamName);
            Assert.Equal("methodInfo", exNullMethodInfo2.ParamName);
            Assert.Equal("targetFactory", exNullTargetFactory.ParamName);
        }

        [Fact]
        public async Task RequestDelegatePopulatesFromRouteParameterBasedOnParameterName()
        {
            const string paramName = "value";
            const int originalRouteParam = 42;

            void TestAction(HttpContext httpContext, [FromRoute] int value)
            {
                httpContext.Items.Add("input", value);
            }

            var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();
            httpContext.Request.RouteValues[paramName] = originalRouteParam.ToString(NumberFormatInfo.InvariantInfo);

            var requestDelegate = RequestDelegateFactory.Create((Action<HttpContext, int>)TestAction, new EmptyServiceProvdier());

            await requestDelegate(httpContext);

            Assert.Equal(originalRouteParam, httpContext.Items["input"]);
        }

        private static void TestOptional(HttpContext httpContext, [FromRoute] int value = 42)
        {
            httpContext.Items.Add("input", value);
        }

        private static void TestOptionalNullable(HttpContext httpContext, int? value = 42)
        {
            httpContext.Items.Add("input", value);
        }

        private static void TestOptionalString(HttpContext httpContext, string value = "default")
        {
            httpContext.Items.Add("input", value);
        }

        [Fact]
        public async Task RequestDelegatePopulatesFromRouteOptionalParameter()
        {
            var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();

            var requestDelegate = RequestDelegateFactory.Create((Action<HttpContext, int>)TestOptional, new EmptyServiceProvdier());

            await requestDelegate(httpContext);

            Assert.Equal(42, httpContext.Items["input"]);
        }

        [Fact]
        public async Task RequestDelegatePopulatesFromNullableOptionalParameter()
        {
            var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();

            var requestDelegate = RequestDelegateFactory.Create((Action<HttpContext, int>)TestOptional, new EmptyServiceProvdier());

            await requestDelegate(httpContext);

            Assert.Equal(42, httpContext.Items["input"]);
        }

        [Fact]
        public async Task RequestDelegatePopulatesFromOptionalStringParameter()
        {
            var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();

            var requestDelegate = RequestDelegateFactory.Create((Action<HttpContext, string>)TestOptionalString, new EmptyServiceProvdier());

            await requestDelegate(httpContext);

            Assert.Equal("default", httpContext.Items["input"]);
        }

        [Fact]
        public async Task RequestDelegatePopulatesFromRouteOptionalParameterBasedOnParameterName()
        {
            const string paramName = "value";
            const int originalRouteParam = 47;

            var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();

            httpContext.Request.RouteValues[paramName] = originalRouteParam.ToString(NumberFormatInfo.InvariantInfo);

            var requestDelegate = RequestDelegateFactory.Create((Action<HttpContext, int>)TestOptional, new EmptyServiceProvdier());

            await requestDelegate(httpContext);

            Assert.Equal(47, httpContext.Items["input"]);
        }

        [Fact]
        public async Task RequestDelegatePopulatesFromRouteParameterBasedOnAttributeNameProperty()
        {
            const string specifiedName = "value";
            const int originalRouteParam = 42;

            int? deserializedRouteParam = null;

            void TestAction([FromRoute(Name = specifiedName)] int foo)
            {
                deserializedRouteParam = foo;
            }

            var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();
            httpContext.Request.RouteValues[specifiedName] = originalRouteParam.ToString(NumberFormatInfo.InvariantInfo);

            var requestDelegate = RequestDelegateFactory.Create((Action<int>)TestAction, new EmptyServiceProvdier());

            await requestDelegate(httpContext);

            Assert.Equal(originalRouteParam, deserializedRouteParam);
        }

        [Fact]
        public async Task UsesDefaultValueIfNoMatchingRouteValue()
        {
            const string unmatchedName = "value";
            const int unmatchedRouteParam = 42;

            int? deserializedRouteParam = null;

            void TestAction([FromRoute] int foo)
            {
                deserializedRouteParam = foo;
            }

            var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();
            httpContext.Request.RouteValues[unmatchedName] = unmatchedRouteParam.ToString(NumberFormatInfo.InvariantInfo);

            var requestDelegate = RequestDelegateFactory.Create((Action<int>)TestAction, new EmptyServiceProvdier());

            await requestDelegate(httpContext);

            Assert.Equal(0, deserializedRouteParam);
        }

        public static object?[][] TryParsableParameters
        {
            get
            {
                static void Store<T>(HttpContext httpContext, T tryParsable)
                {
                    httpContext.Items["tryParsable"] = tryParsable;
                }

                var now = DateTime.Now;

                return new[]
                {
                    // string is not technically "TryParsable", but it's the special case.
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext, string>)Store, "plain string", "plain string" },
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext, int>)Store, "-42", -42 },
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext, uint>)Store, "42", 42U },
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext, bool>)Store, "true", true },
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext, short>)Store, "-42", (short)-42 },
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext, ushort>)Store, "42", (ushort)42 },
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext, long>)Store, "-42", -42L },
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext, ulong>)Store, "42", 42UL },
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext, IntPtr>)Store, "-42", new IntPtr(-42) },
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext, char>)Store, "A", 'A' },
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext, double>)Store, "0.5", 0.5 },
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext, float>)Store, "0.5", 0.5f },
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext, Half>)Store, "0.5", (Half)0.5f },
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext, decimal>)Store, "0.5", 0.5m },
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext, DateTime>)Store, now.ToString("o"), now },
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext, DateTimeOffset>)Store, "1970-01-01T00:00:00.0000000+00:00", DateTimeOffset.UnixEpoch },
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext, TimeSpan>)Store, "00:00:42", TimeSpan.FromSeconds(42) },
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext, Guid>)Store, "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000", Guid.Empty },
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext, Version>)Store, "6.0.0.42", new Version("6.0.0.42") },
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext, BigInteger>)Store, "-42", new BigInteger(-42) },
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext, IPAddress>)Store, "127.0.0.1", IPAddress.Loopback },
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext, IPEndPoint>)Store, "127.0.0.1:80", new IPEndPoint(IPAddress.Loopback, 80) },
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext, AddressFamily>)Store, "Unix", AddressFamily.Unix },
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext, ILOpCode>)Store, "Nop", ILOpCode.Nop },
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext, AssemblyFlags>)Store, "PublicKey,Retargetable", AssemblyFlags.PublicKey | AssemblyFlags.Retargetable },
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext, int?>)Store, "42", 42 },
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext, MyEnum>)Store, "ValueB", MyEnum.ValueB },
                    new object[] { (Action<HttpContext, MyTryParsableRecord>)Store, "https://example.org", new MyTryParsableRecord(new Uri("https://example.org")) },
                    new object?[] { (Action<HttpContext, int>)Store, null, 0 },
                    new object?[] { (Action<HttpContext, int?>)Store, null, null },
                };
            }
        }

        private enum MyEnum { ValueA, ValueB, }

        private record MyTryParsableRecord(Uri Uri)
        {
            public static bool TryParse(string? value, out MyTryParsableRecord? result)
            {
                if (!Uri.TryCreate(value, UriKind.Absolute, out var uri))
                {
                    result = null;
                    return false;
                }

                result = new MyTryParsableRecord(uri);
                return true;
            }
        }

        [Theory]
        [MemberData(nameof(TryParsableParameters))]
        public async Task RequestDelegatePopulatesUnattributedTryParsableParametersFromRouteValue(Delegate action, string? routeValue, object? expectedParameterValue)
        {
            var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();
            httpContext.Request.RouteValues["tryParsable"] = routeValue;

            var requestDelegate = RequestDelegateFactory.Create(action, new EmptyServiceProvdier());

            await requestDelegate(httpContext);

            Assert.Equal(expectedParameterValue, httpContext.Items["tryParsable"]);
        }

        [Theory]
        [MemberData(nameof(TryParsableParameters))]
        public async Task RequestDelegatePopulatesUnattributedTryParsableParametersFromQueryString(Delegate action, string? routeValue, object? expectedParameterValue)
        {
            var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();
            httpContext.Request.Query = new QueryCollection(new Dictionary<string, StringValues>
            {
                ["tryParsable"] = routeValue
            });

            var requestDelegate = RequestDelegateFactory.Create(action, new EmptyServiceProvdier());

            await requestDelegate(httpContext);

            Assert.Equal(expectedParameterValue, httpContext.Items["tryParsable"]);
        }

        [Fact]
        public async Task RequestDelegatePopulatesUnattributedTryParsableParametersFromRouteValueBeforeQueryString()
        {
            var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();

            httpContext.Request.RouteValues["tryParsable"] = "42";

            httpContext.Request.Query = new QueryCollection(new Dictionary<string, StringValues>
            {
                ["tryParsable"] = "invalid!"
            });

            var requestDelegate = RequestDelegateFactory.Create((Action<HttpContext, int>)((httpContext, tryParsable) =>
            {
                httpContext.Items["tryParsable"] = tryParsable;
            }),
            new EmptyServiceProvdier());

            await requestDelegate(httpContext);

            Assert.Equal(42, httpContext.Items["tryParsable"]);
        }

        public static object[][] DelegatesWithAttributesOnNotTryParsableParameters
        {
            get
            {
                void InvalidFromRoute([FromRoute] object notTryParsable) { }
                void InvalidFromQuery([FromQuery] object notTryParsable) { }
                void InvalidFromHeader([FromHeader] object notTryParsable) { }

                return new[]
                {
                    new object[] { (Action<object>)InvalidFromRoute },
                    new object[] { (Action<object>)InvalidFromQuery },
                    new object[] { (Action<object>)InvalidFromHeader },
                };
            }
        }

        [Theory]
        [MemberData(nameof(DelegatesWithAttributesOnNotTryParsableParameters))]
        public void CreateThrowsInvalidOperationExceptionWhenAttributeRequiresTryParseMethodThatDoesNotExist(Delegate action)
        {
            var ex = Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => RequestDelegateFactory.Create(action, new EmptyServiceProvdier()));
            Assert.Equal("No public static bool Object.TryParse(string, out Object) method found for notTryParsable.", ex.Message);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void CreateThrowsInvalidOperationExceptionGivenUnnamedArgument()
        {
            var unnamedParameter = Expression.Parameter(typeof(int));
            var lambda = Expression.Lambda(Expression.Block(), unnamedParameter);
            var ex = Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => RequestDelegateFactory.Create((Action<int>)lambda.Compile(), new EmptyServiceProvdier()));
            Assert.Equal("A parameter does not have a name! Was it genererated? All parameters must be named.", ex.Message);
        }

        [Fact]
        public async Task RequestDelegateLogsTryParsableFailuresAsDebugAndSets400Response()
        {
            var invoked = false;

            void TestAction([FromRoute] int tryParsable, [FromRoute] int tryParsable2)
            {
                invoked = true;
            }

            var serviceCollection = new ServiceCollection();
            serviceCollection.AddSingleton(LoggerFactory);

            var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();
            httpContext.Request.RouteValues["tryParsable"] = "invalid!";
            httpContext.Request.RouteValues["tryParsable2"] = "invalid again!";
            httpContext.Features.Set<IHttpRequestLifetimeFeature>(new TestHttpRequestLifetimeFeature());
            httpContext.RequestServices = serviceCollection.BuildServiceProvider();

            var requestDelegate = RequestDelegateFactory.Create((Action<int, int>)TestAction, new EmptyServiceProvdier());

            await requestDelegate(httpContext);

            Assert.False(invoked);
            Assert.False(httpContext.RequestAborted.IsCancellationRequested);
            Assert.Equal(400, httpContext.Response.StatusCode);

            var logs = TestSink.Writes.ToArray();

            Assert.Equal(2, logs.Length);

            Assert.Equal(new EventId(3, "ParamaterBindingFailed"), logs[0].EventId);
            Assert.Equal(LogLevel.Debug, logs[0].LogLevel);
            Assert.Equal(@"Failed to bind parameter ""Int32 tryParsable"" from ""invalid!"".", logs[0].Message);

            Assert.Equal(new EventId(3, "ParamaterBindingFailed"), logs[0].EventId);
            Assert.Equal(LogLevel.Debug, logs[0].LogLevel);
            Assert.Equal(@"Failed to bind parameter ""Int32 tryParsable2"" from ""invalid again!"".", logs[1].Message);
        }

        [Fact]
        public async Task RequestDelegatePopulatesFromQueryParameterBasedOnParameterName()
        {
            const string paramName = "value";
            const int originalQueryParam = 42;

            int? deserializedRouteParam = null;

            void TestAction([FromQuery] int value)
            {
                deserializedRouteParam = value;
            }

            var query = new QueryCollection(new Dictionary<string, StringValues>()
            {
                [paramName] = originalQueryParam.ToString(NumberFormatInfo.InvariantInfo)
            });

            var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();
            httpContext.Request.Query = query;

            var requestDelegate = RequestDelegateFactory.Create((Action<int>)TestAction, new EmptyServiceProvdier());

            await requestDelegate(httpContext);

            Assert.Equal(originalQueryParam, deserializedRouteParam);
        }

        [Fact]
        public async Task RequestDelegatePopulatesFromHeaderParameterBasedOnParameterName()
        {
            const string customHeaderName = "X-Custom-Header";
            const int originalHeaderParam = 42;

            int? deserializedRouteParam = null;

            void TestAction([FromHeader(Name = customHeaderName)] int value)
            {
                deserializedRouteParam = value;
            }

            var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();
            httpContext.Request.Headers[customHeaderName] = originalHeaderParam.ToString(NumberFormatInfo.InvariantInfo);

            var requestDelegate = RequestDelegateFactory.Create((Action<int>)TestAction, new EmptyServiceProvdier());

            await requestDelegate(httpContext);

            Assert.Equal(originalHeaderParam, deserializedRouteParam);
        }

        public static object[][] FromBodyActions
        {
            get
            {
                void TestExplicitFromBody(HttpContext httpContext, [FromBody] Todo todo)
                {
                    httpContext.Items.Add("body", todo);
                }

                void TestImpliedFromBody(HttpContext httpContext, Todo myService)
                {
                    httpContext.Items.Add("body", myService);
                }

                return new[]
                {
                    new[] { (Action<HttpContext, Todo>)TestExplicitFromBody },
                    new[] { (Action<HttpContext, Todo>)TestImpliedFromBody },
                };
            }
        }

        [Theory]
        [MemberData(nameof(FromBodyActions))]
        public async Task RequestDelegatePopulatesFromBodyParameter(Delegate action)
        {
            Todo originalTodo = new()
            {
                Name = "Write more tests!"
            };

            var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();
            httpContext.Request.Headers["Content-Type"] = "application/json";

            var requestBodyBytes = JsonSerializer.SerializeToUtf8Bytes(originalTodo);
            httpContext.Request.Body = new MemoryStream(requestBodyBytes);

            var requestDelegate = RequestDelegateFactory.Create(action, new EmptyServiceProvdier());

            await requestDelegate(httpContext);

            var deserializedRequestBody = httpContext.Items["body"];
            Assert.NotNull(deserializedRequestBody);
            Assert.Equal(originalTodo.Name, ((Todo)deserializedRequestBody!).Name);
        }

        [Theory]
        [MemberData(nameof(FromBodyActions))]
        public async Task RequestDelegateRejectsEmptyBodyGivenFromBodyParameter(Delegate action)
        {
            var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();
            httpContext.Request.Headers["Content-Type"] = "application/json";
            httpContext.Request.Headers["Content-Length"] = "0";

            var requestDelegate = RequestDelegateFactory.Create(action, new EmptyServiceProvdier());

            await Assert.ThrowsAsync<JsonException>(() => requestDelegate(httpContext));
        }

        [Fact]
        public async Task RequestDelegateAllowsEmptyBodyGivenCorrectyConfiguredFromBodyParameter()
        {
            var todoToBecomeNull = new Todo();

            void TestAction([FromBody(AllowEmpty = true)] Todo todo)
            {
                todoToBecomeNull = todo;
            }

            var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();
            httpContext.Request.Headers["Content-Type"] = "application/json";
            httpContext.Request.Headers["Content-Length"] = "0";

            var requestDelegate = RequestDelegateFactory.Create((Action<Todo>)TestAction, new EmptyServiceProvdier());

            await requestDelegate(httpContext);

            Assert.Null(todoToBecomeNull);
        }

        [Fact]
        public async Task RequestDelegateAllowsEmptyBodyStructGivenCorrectyConfiguredFromBodyParameter()
        {
            var structToBeZeroed = new BodyStruct
            {
                Id = 42
            };

            void TestAction([FromBody(AllowEmpty = true)] BodyStruct bodyStruct)
            {
                structToBeZeroed = bodyStruct;
            }

            var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();
            httpContext.Request.Headers["Content-Type"] = "application/json";
            httpContext.Request.Headers["Content-Length"] = "0";

            var requestDelegate = RequestDelegateFactory.Create((Action<BodyStruct>)TestAction, new EmptyServiceProvdier());

            await requestDelegate(httpContext);

            Assert.Equal(default, structToBeZeroed);
        }

        [Fact]
        public async Task RequestDelegateLogsFromBodyIOExceptionsAsDebugAndDoesNotAbort()
        {
            var invoked = false;

            void TestAction([FromBody] Todo todo)
            {
                invoked = true;
            }

            var ioException = new IOException();
            var serviceCollection = new ServiceCollection();
            serviceCollection.AddSingleton(LoggerFactory);

            var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();
            httpContext.Request.Headers["Content-Type"] = "application/json";
            httpContext.Request.Body = new IOExceptionThrowingRequestBodyStream(ioException);
            httpContext.Features.Set<IHttpRequestLifetimeFeature>(new TestHttpRequestLifetimeFeature());
            httpContext.RequestServices = serviceCollection.BuildServiceProvider();

            var requestDelegate = RequestDelegateFactory.Create((Action<Todo>)TestAction, new EmptyServiceProvdier());

            await requestDelegate(httpContext);

            Assert.False(invoked);
            Assert.False(httpContext.RequestAborted.IsCancellationRequested);

            var logMessage = Assert.Single(TestSink.Writes);
            Assert.Equal(new EventId(1, "RequestBodyIOException"), logMessage.EventId);
            Assert.Equal(LogLevel.Debug, logMessage.LogLevel);
            Assert.Same(ioException, logMessage.Exception);
        }

        [Fact]
        public async Task RequestDelegateLogsFromBodyInvalidDataExceptionsAsDebugAndSets400Response()
        {
            var invoked = false;

            void TestAction([FromBody] Todo todo)
            {
                invoked = true;
            }

            var invalidDataException = new InvalidDataException();
            var serviceCollection = new ServiceCollection();
            serviceCollection.AddSingleton(LoggerFactory);

            var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();
            httpContext.Request.Headers["Content-Type"] = "application/json";
            httpContext.Request.Body = new IOExceptionThrowingRequestBodyStream(invalidDataException);
            httpContext.Features.Set<IHttpRequestLifetimeFeature>(new TestHttpRequestLifetimeFeature());
            httpContext.RequestServices = serviceCollection.BuildServiceProvider();

            var requestDelegate = RequestDelegateFactory.Create((Action<Todo>)TestAction, new EmptyServiceProvdier());

            await requestDelegate(httpContext);

            Assert.False(invoked);
            Assert.False(httpContext.RequestAborted.IsCancellationRequested);
            Assert.Equal(400, httpContext.Response.StatusCode);

            var logMessage = Assert.Single(TestSink.Writes);
            Assert.Equal(new EventId(2, "RequestBodyInvalidDataException"), logMessage.EventId);
            Assert.Equal(LogLevel.Debug, logMessage.LogLevel);
            Assert.Same(invalidDataException, logMessage.Exception);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void BuildRequestDelegateThrowsInvalidOperationExceptionGivenFromBodyOnMultipleParameters()
        {
            void TestAttributedInvalidAction([FromBody] int value1, [FromBody] int value2) { }
            void TestInferredInvalidAction(Todo value1, Todo value2) { }
            void TestBothInvalidAction(Todo value1, [FromBody] int value2) { }

            Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => RequestDelegateFactory.Create((Action<int, int>)TestAttributedInvalidAction, new EmptyServiceProvdier()));
            Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => RequestDelegateFactory.Create((Action<Todo, Todo>)TestInferredInvalidAction, new EmptyServiceProvdier()));
            Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => RequestDelegateFactory.Create((Action<Todo, int>)TestBothInvalidAction, new EmptyServiceProvdier()));
        }

        public static object[][] FromServiceActions
        {
            get
            {
                void TestExplicitFromService(HttpContext httpContext, [FromService] MyService myService)
                {
                    httpContext.Items.Add("service", myService);
                }

                void TestExplicitFromIEnumerableService(HttpContext httpContext, [FromService] IEnumerable<MyService> myServices)
                {
                    httpContext.Items.Add("service", myServices.Single());
                }

                void TestImpliedFromService(HttpContext httpContext, IMyService myService)
                {
                    httpContext.Items.Add("service", myService);
                }

                void TestImpliedIEnumerableFromService(HttpContext httpContext, IEnumerable<MyService> myServices)
                {
                    httpContext.Items.Add("service", myServices.Single());
                }

                void TestImpliedFromServiceBasedOnContainer(HttpContext httpContext, MyService myService)
                {
                    httpContext.Items.Add("service", myService);
                }

                return new object[][]
                {
                    new[] { (Action<HttpContext, MyService>)TestExplicitFromService },
                    new[] { (Action<HttpContext, IEnumerable<MyService>>)TestExplicitFromIEnumerableService },
                    new[] { (Action<HttpContext, IMyService>)TestImpliedFromService },
                    new[] { (Action<HttpContext, IEnumerable<MyService>>)TestImpliedIEnumerableFromService },
                    new[] { (Action<HttpContext, MyService>)TestImpliedFromServiceBasedOnContainer },
                };
            }
        }

        [Theory]
        [MemberData(nameof(FromServiceActions))]
        public async Task RequestDelegatePopulatesParametersFromServiceWithAndWithoutAttribute(Delegate action)
        {
            var myOriginalService = new MyService();

            var serviceCollection = new ServiceCollection();
            serviceCollection.AddSingleton(myOriginalService);
            serviceCollection.AddSingleton<IMyService>(myOriginalService);

            var services = serviceCollection.BuildServiceProvider();

            using var requestScoped = services.CreateScope();

            var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();
            httpContext.RequestServices = requestScoped.ServiceProvider;

            var requestDelegate = RequestDelegateFactory.Create(action, services);

            await requestDelegate(httpContext);

            Assert.Same(myOriginalService, httpContext.Items["service"]);
        }

        [Theory]
        [MemberData(nameof(FromServiceActions))]
        public async Task RequestDelegateRequiresServiceForAllFromServiceParameters(Delegate action)
        {
            var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();
            httpContext.RequestServices = new EmptyServiceProvdier();

            var requestDelegate = RequestDelegateFactory.Create(action, new EmptyServiceProvdier());

            await Assert.ThrowsAsync<InvalidOperationException>(() => requestDelegate(httpContext));
        }

        [Fact]
        public async Task RequestDelegatePopulatesHttpContextParameterWithoutAttribute()
        {
            HttpContext? httpContextArgument = null;

            void TestAction(HttpContext httpContext)
            {
                httpContextArgument = httpContext;
            }

            var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();

            var requestDelegate = RequestDelegateFactory.Create((Action<HttpContext>)TestAction, new EmptyServiceProvdier());

            await requestDelegate(httpContext);

            Assert.Same(httpContext, httpContextArgument);
        }

        [Fact]
        public async Task RequestDelegatePassHttpContextRequestAbortedAsCancelationToken()
        {
            CancellationToken? cancellationTokenArgument = null;

            void TestAction(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
            {
                cancellationTokenArgument = cancellationToken;
            }

            using var cts = new CancellationTokenSource();
            var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext
            {
                RequestAborted = cts.Token
            };

            var requestDelegate = RequestDelegateFactory.Create((Action<CancellationToken>)TestAction, new EmptyServiceProvdier());

            await requestDelegate(httpContext);

            Assert.Equal(httpContext.RequestAborted, cancellationTokenArgument);
        }

        public static IEnumerable<object[]> ComplexResult
        {
            get
            {
                Todo originalTodo = new()
                {
                    Name = "Write even more tests!"
                };

                Todo TestAction() => originalTodo;
                Task<Todo> TaskTestAction() => Task.FromResult(originalTodo);
                ValueTask<Todo> ValueTaskTestAction() => ValueTask.FromResult(originalTodo);

                static Todo StaticTestAction() => new Todo { Name = "Write even more tests!" };
                static Task<Todo> StaticTaskTestAction() => Task.FromResult(new Todo { Name = "Write even more tests!" });
                static ValueTask<Todo> StaticValueTaskTestAction() => ValueTask.FromResult(new Todo { Name = "Write even more tests!" });

                return new List<object[]>
                {
                    new object[] { (Func<Todo>)TestAction },
                    new object[] { (Func<Task<Todo>>)TaskTestAction},
                    new object[] { (Func<ValueTask<Todo>>)ValueTaskTestAction},
                    new object[] { (Func<Todo>)StaticTestAction},
                    new object[] { (Func<Task<Todo>>)StaticTaskTestAction},
                    new object[] { (Func<ValueTask<Todo>>)StaticValueTaskTestAction},
                };
            }
        }

        [Theory]
        [MemberData(nameof(ComplexResult))]
        public async Task RequestDelegateWritesComplexReturnValueAsJsonResponseBody(Delegate @delegate)
        {
            var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();
            var responseBodyStream = new MemoryStream();
            httpContext.Response.Body = responseBodyStream;

            var requestDelegate = RequestDelegateFactory.Create(@delegate, new EmptyServiceProvdier());

            await requestDelegate(httpContext);

            var deserializedResponseBody = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Todo>(responseBodyStream.ToArray(), new JsonSerializerOptions
            {
                // TODO: the output is "{\"id\":0,\"name\":\"Write even more tests!\",\"isComplete\":false}"
                // Verify that the camelCased property names are consistent with MVC and if so whether we should keep the behavior.
                PropertyNameCaseInsensitive = true
            });

            Assert.NotNull(deserializedResponseBody);
            Assert.Equal("Write even more tests!", deserializedResponseBody!.Name);
        }

        public static IEnumerable<object[]> CustomResults
        {
            get
            {
                var resultString = "Still not enough tests!";

                CustomResult TestAction() => new CustomResult(resultString);
                Task<CustomResult> TaskTestAction() => Task.FromResult(new CustomResult(resultString));
                ValueTask<CustomResult> ValueTaskTestAction() => ValueTask.FromResult(new CustomResult(resultString));

                static CustomResult StaticTestAction() => new CustomResult("Still not enough tests!");
                static Task<CustomResult> StaticTaskTestAction() => Task.FromResult(new CustomResult("Still not enough tests!"));
                static ValueTask<CustomResult> StaticValueTaskTestAction() => ValueTask.FromResult(new CustomResult("Still not enough tests!"));

                return new List<object[]>
                {
                    new object[] { (Func<CustomResult>)TestAction },
                    new object[] { (Func<Task<CustomResult>>)TaskTestAction},
                    new object[] { (Func<ValueTask<CustomResult>>)ValueTaskTestAction},
                    new object[] { (Func<CustomResult>)StaticTestAction},
                    new object[] { (Func<Task<CustomResult>>)StaticTaskTestAction},
                    new object[] { (Func<ValueTask<CustomResult>>)StaticValueTaskTestAction},
                };
            }
        }

        [Theory]
        [MemberData(nameof(CustomResults))]
        public async Task RequestDelegateUsesCustomIResult(Delegate @delegate)
        {
            var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();
            var responseBodyStream = new MemoryStream();
            httpContext.Response.Body = responseBodyStream;

            var requestDelegate = RequestDelegateFactory.Create(@delegate, new EmptyServiceProvdier());

            await requestDelegate(httpContext);

            var decodedResponseBody = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(responseBodyStream.ToArray());

            Assert.Equal("Still not enough tests!", decodedResponseBody);
        }

        public static IEnumerable<object[]> StringResult
        {
            get
            {
                var test = "String Test";

                string TestAction() => test;
                Task<string> TaskTestAction() => Task.FromResult(test);
                ValueTask<string> ValueTaskTestAction() => ValueTask.FromResult(test);

                static string StaticTestAction() => "String Test";
                static Task<string> StaticTaskTestAction() => Task.FromResult("String Test");
                static ValueTask<string> StaticValueTaskTestAction() => ValueTask.FromResult("String Test");

                return new List<object[]>
                {
                    new object[] { (Func<string>)TestAction },
                    new object[] { (Func<Task<string>>)TaskTestAction },
                    new object[] { (Func<ValueTask<string>>)ValueTaskTestAction },
                    new object[] { (Func<string>)StaticTestAction },
                    new object[] { (Func<Task<string>>)StaticTaskTestAction },
                    new object[] { (Func<ValueTask<string>>)StaticValueTaskTestAction },
                };
            }
        }

        [Theory]
        [MemberData(nameof(StringResult))]
        public async Task RequestDelegateWritesStringReturnValueAsJsonResponseBody(Delegate @delegate)